Validations of GTP scales
Previous
I have consolidated the emerging multidisciplinary field of research on Game Transfer Phenomena in three initial phases: MSc (Stockholm University), PhD (Nottingham Trent University) and Marie Curie COFUND postdoc (University of Liège).
Marie Curie COFUND postdoc on Game Transfer Phenomena
BELGIUM: UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE
My postdoc project (2016-2018) “When the game is turned off but the mind keeps playing: Involuntary phenomena with video game content” was funded by the European Union (Marie Curie COFUND fellowship) and the University of Liège in Belgium.
Together with my mentor Professor Frank Larøi at the Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit at the university, I examined a broadening of the dimensions of GTP, the relationship between GTP and involuntary phenomena with non-game content, psychopathology factors and executive functions.
Our papers:
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Larøi, F. (2019). Exploring the dimensions of involuntary phenomena with videogame content. Paper presented at the BAPS 2019. Annual Meeting of the Belgian Association for Psychological Sciences, Liège.
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Larøi, F. (2018). Broadening the understanding of the psychopathology of gaming: The relation between involuntary behaviours, sensorial and cognitive intrusions with videogame content and Internet Gaming Disorder. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Behavioural Addictions, Colon, Germany.
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Larøi, F., & Lerner, A. (2017). Can Game Transfer Phenomena contribute to the understanding of the psychophysiological mechanisms of Gaming Disorder? A comparison of visual intrusions induced by videogames and mental disorders. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Behavioural Addictions, Haifa, Israel.
PhD on Game Transfer Phenomena
UK: Nottingham Trent University
Professor Mark D. Griffiths was my PhD supervisor at Nottingham Trent University, UK at the International Gaming Research Unit (2010-2015). My PhD thesis: “Exploring Game Transfer Phenomena: A multimodal research approach for investigating video games’ effects” consisted of a series of qualitative studies analysing gamers’ experiences on GTP collected online (N>1,000) to identify and define the forms of manifestations of GTP (visual, auditory, thoughts and behaviours). Also, for the first time, GTP was investigated in large scale (N>2,000) to examine the prevalence, characteristics and associative factors.
Our main publications:
Ortiz de Gortari A. B., Oldfield B. & Griffiths M. D. (2016). An empirical examination of factors associated with Game Transfer Phenomena severity. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 274-284 Download
Ortiz de Gortari A. B., & Griffiths M. D. (2016). Prevalence and Characteristics of Game Transfer Phenomena: A Descriptive Survey Study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(6), 470-480. Download
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Pontes, H. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). The Game Transfer Phenomena Scale: An instrument for investigating the non-volitional effects of video game playing. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. Download
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Game Transfer Phenomena and its associated factors: An exploratory empirical online survey study. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 195-202. Download
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Auditory experiences in Game Transfer Phenomena: An empirical self-report study. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 4(1), 59-75. Download
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Automatic Mental Processes, Automatic Actions and Behaviours in Game Transfer Phenomena: An Empirical Self-Report Study Using Online Forum Data. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-21. Download
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Altered Visual Perception in Game Transfer Phenomena: An Empirical Self-Report Study. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 30(2), 95-105. Download
MSc on Game Transfer Phenomena
Sweden: Stockholm university
Professor Karin Aronsson at Stockholm University in Sweden at the Department of Child and Youth Studies supervised my MSc thesis “Targeting the real-life impact of virtual interactions: Game Transfer Phenomenon” where I conducted an interviewed study with 42 frequent Swedish gamers (15-21 years old) to explore the effects of video game playing on perception of the world and fantasies and to understand how gamers integrate game content into their everyday life. In this study, I coined the term Game Transfer Phenomenon (GTP).
Later on we published the first paper on GTP together with Professor Mark D. Griffiths.
Our paper:
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Aronsson, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Game Transfer Phenomena in video game playing: A qualitative interview study. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 1(3), 15-33.
This section includes ongoing projects that focuses on GTP or involves examination of GTP.
Validation of scales for assessing the effects of gaming in Spanish
spain, Norway: Unv.Barcelona & UIB
A group of researchers from the University of Barcelona is investigating the effects of playing video games. They are working on validating various scales to measure the impact of gaming on. As part of this project, they will validate the short version of the GTP scale (GTP5-SF) in Spanish and examine the correlation between GTP, immersion, and gaming disorder. Dr. Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari is collaborating on this research initiative.The team from UB includes Prof. Georgina Guilera, Dr Laura Maldonado-Murciano, Prof. Juana Gomez-Benito, Prof. Maite Barrios Cerrejón, Jaume Boned Garau, and Adrià Gabarnet.
Loot boxes, problematic gaming and gambling, emotion regulation & GTP
Spain, Norway, USA: Unv.Burgos, UIB & Houston
Dr Covadonga Gonzalez-Nuevo Vazquez from the University of Burgos and Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari from the University of Bergen, in collaboration with Prof. James H. Bray from the University of Houston, are working on understanding the profiles of players who play video games with loot boxes.
Validation of the Multidimensional Scale of GTP in Spanish
spain, Norway: Unv.Barcelona & UIB
Beatriz Mislata Becerra conduct the validation of the MDGTPS as part of her Master project at Univeristy of Barcelona supervised by Dr Olatz Lopez Fernandez, in collaboration with Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari.
Validation of the GTP scale in Chinese
CHINA: Guangdong University
Dr Chaoguang Wang at Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, China, in collaboration with Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari has validated the Chinese version of the GTP scale with 20 items among 625 Chinese video game players. Results showed that the Game Transfer Phenomena Scale has good validity among Chinese video game players and can effectively assess GTP in this population.
The indirect effect of immersion on gaming motivation, negative emotional states, self-control and GTP
Poland, Norway & UK
Dr Andrzej Cudo, Dr Angelica Ortiz de Gortari & Professor Mark D. Griffiths have conducted a study to investigate the role of immersion as a mediator in the relationship between gaming motives, frequency of gaming in different game genres, self-control, emotional state, and GTP among female and male gamers.
Validation of the short version of the GTP scale in Norwegian
NORWAy UIB
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari in collaboration with Prof. Åge Diseth, Andre Styverts and Prof. Ståle Pallesen conducted a study to examine GTP experienced when playing mobile games and validate a short version of the GTP scale (GTP5-SF).
Covid-19 pandemic and video game playing
Norway: university of bergen
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari conducted various studies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Can playing video games help to cope with the life stressors due to the COVID-19 pandemic?
- Can we take advantage of natural sensory and mental phenomena associated with video game playing?
- How common were sensory and cognitive intrusions with media and without media content during the pandemic among video game players?
- What factors are associated with the different intrusions experienced by video game players?
The relationship between multi-sensory experiences & media
The United Kingdom, norway
Dr Emma Palmer-Cooper at the University of Southampton and Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari at the University of Bergen are collaborating to examine the relationship between sensory experiences and the exposure to passive media (watching videos of ASMR (Autonomous sensory meridian response) and interactive media (playing video games and Game Transfer Phenomena).
Esports & Game Transfer Phenomena
NORWAY, SWEDEN: University of bergen
Dr Angelica Ortiz de Gortari is conducting the project eSportNS at the Centre for the Science of Learning & Technology (SLATE) at the University of Bergen in Norway, in collaboration with Professor Barbara Wasson, Daniel Ostnes and Professor Åge Røssing Diseth. It consists of a longitudinal study that follows esports students at Nordic schools to understand the impact of esports education on well-being and examining GTP on esports gamers.
The esport education platform provider Learn2Esport has joined the esports in Nordic Schools (esportsNS) project. With the collaboration of Learn2Esport we will expand the horizon of the project and combine self-report data with data analytics to better understand the play behaviours and practices of esport students.
Neurophysiological examination of Game Transfer Phenomena
UK: UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE
Dr Angelica B, Ortiz de Gortari is supervising Julio Llamas Alonso for his PhD in collaboration with Professor Lia Kvavilashvili and Dr George Georgiou at the Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences at the University of Hertfordshire in the UK. Julio will investigate the neurophysiological and cognitive mechanisms of Game Transfer Phenomena. Participate, a study is going on!
Game Transfer Phenomena, cognitive underpinnings & Gaming Disorder
Norway, Belgium & the United Kingdom
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari and Dr Maria Panagiotidi at the University of Salford in the United Kingdom are investigating the relationship between GTP and cognitive control, attention, impulses and Gaming Disorder through a series of online experiments.
Other validation of the GTP scale
Italy, Polish & THE Philippines
- Dr Nadia Barberis at the University of Messina is working on validating the GTP Scale in Italian.
- Jan Patrick Gutierrez and Dr Homer J. Yabut at the De La Salle University are working on a validation of the GTP scale with a Filipino sample.
Read about the results on the validaiton in Polis
Validations of GTP scales
Would you like to have a copy of the GTP Scale?
Are you interested in further validating the GTP Scale?
Please contact Dr Angelica Ortiz de Gortari by email.
More details about the items in the scales.
Read below for details of the validation studies and obtain a copy.
- The GTP scale with 20 items has been validated in Turkish, Polish, Spanish and Chinese.
- The short version of the GTP scale (GTP5-SF) based on the original with 20 items has been validated in Norwegian and Spanish.
- An extended version, the GTP-MDS (38 items) assesses GTP in a more meticulous way, considering outer and inner phenomena and the wide spectrum of involuntary phenomena (thoughts, imagery, misperceptions, perceptual distortions, hallucinations, and dissociations).
Read below for details of the validation studies.
Original validation of the GTP Scale
UK: nottingham trent university
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari developed the first items for assessing GTP with Professor Mark D. Griffiths as part of her PhD at Nottingham Trent University. The scale was further validated in collaboration with Dr Halley Pontes currently at the University of Tasmania.
Our paper: Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Pontes, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). The Game Transfer Phenomena Scale: An instrument for investigating the non-volitional effects of video game playing. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(10), 588-594.
Chinese Validation of the GTP scale
CHINA: Guangdong Univ. of Finance & Economics
Dr Chaoguang Wang at Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, China, in collaboration with Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari has validated the Chinese version of the GTP scale with 20 items among 625 Chinese video game players. Results showed that the Game Transfer Phenomena Scale has good validity among Chinese video game players and can effectively assess GTP in this population.
Polish & Spanish validation of the GTP scale
The John Paul II Catholic Uni. of Lublin & UIB
Dr Andrzej Cudo and Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari validated the GTP-20 scale in 675 Polish video game players. The results showed the Polish version of the GTPS is reliable, valid, and adequate for assessing Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP) in both genders. Read more about the results.
Download a copy of the study.
Dr Angelica and Dr Andrzej validated the GTP-20 scale in Spanish in a sample of 608 Mexican video game players. The first aim was to adapt and validate the GTP scale and the second was to examine the adequacy of the frequency rating scale used in the GTPS. The results showed the higher-order factor model showed acceptable results. The prevalence of GTP was 96%. The number of game genres played and session length was correlated with all GTPS subscales, confirming the criterion validity. The examination of the frequency rating scale via the item response theory showed that selecting the second level of the scale “once” should be treated with caution.
Download a copy of the study.
Validation of the GTP Scale in Turkish
FINLAND, BELGIUM
Dr Muhterem Dindar at the University of Oulu had the initiative to conduct the first survey on GTP in a sample of minors (15+) and together with Dr Ortiz de Gortari validated the GTP Scale in a Turkish sample.
Our paper: Dindar, M., & Ortiz de Gortari, A. B. (2017). Turkish Validation of the Game Transfer Phenomena Scale (GTPS): Measuring altered perceptions, automatic mental processes and actions and behaviours associated with playing video games. Telematics and Informatics, 34(8), 1802-1813.
Multidimensional assessment of Game Transfer Phenomena
NORWAY,Belgium: UNIVERSITY OF lIEGE & UIB
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari in collaboration with Åge Diseth validate the Game Transfer Phenomena Multidimensional Scale (GTP-MDS) which considers the perceived location of the GTP experiences. A total of 1,301 players, the majority male, participated in the study.
Read more about the results
Download a copy of the study.
Validation of the Multidimensional Scale of GTP in Spanish
spain, Norway: Unv.Barcelona & UIB
Beatriz Mislata Becerra conduct the validation of the MDGTPS as part of her Master project at Univeristy of Barcelona supervised by Dr Olatz Lopez Fernandez, in collaboration with Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari.
Validation of the short version of the GTP scale in Norwegian
NORWAY: UNIVERSITY of bergen
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari in collaboration with Åge Diseth, Andre Styverts and Såle Pallesen, conducted a study to examine GTP experienced when playing mobile games and validate a short version of the GTP scale (GTP5-SF) in Norwegian.
Validation of the short version of the GTP scale in Spanish
spain, Norway: Unv.Barcelona & UIB
Dr Laura Maldonado Maldonado-Murciano, Dr Angelica Ortiz de Gortari Gortari4, Dr Maite Barrios, Dr Juana Gómez Gómez-Benito and Dr Georgina Guilera validate a short version of the GTP scale (GTP5-SF) in Spanish with population from Spain.
Read about the preliminary results of the Spanish version.
Previous
Covid-19 pandemic and video game playing
Norway: university of bergen
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari conducted various studies during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The study compared differences in coping with the pandemic stressors, emotion regulation, and resilience between non-players and players who may or may not have incorporated game content in everyday context [i.e., experienced Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP)]. The study also examined the impact of GTP on both the perception of self and the world.
Gaming Disorder, emotional flow, Game Transfer Phenomena & realism
THE PHILIPINES:Far Eastern University
Professor Jayne Gackenbach, Cody Trewin and Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari are exploring the relationship between dreams and GTP. Professor Gackenbach invited Dr Ortiz de Gortari to her first interview to talk about her research on GTP in 2011, and Professor Gackenbach has been the editor of different books where research on GTP has been included.
Book chapters on GTP edited by Professor Gackenbach:
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Beyond the Boundaries of the Game: The Interplay Between In-Game Phenomena, Structural Characteristics of Video Games, and Game Transfer Phenomena. Gackenbach, Jayne. In J. Bown (Ed.), Boundaries of Self and Reality Online (pp. 97-121). San Diego: Academic Press.
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). An Introduction to Game Transfer Phenomena in Video Game Playing. In J. I. Gackenbach (Ed.), Video Game Play and Consciousness. NY: Nova Publisher.
Nightmares & new directions for GTP
IRELAND: Dublin City Uni. & Uni. College Dublin
Derek Alan Laffan and Darragh McCashin at Dublin City University & University College Dublin conducted a pilot study to examine the relationship between nightmares, dreams and Game Transfer Phenomena.
Publication coming soon!
Gaming Disorder, emotional flow, Game Transfer Phenomena & realism
THE PHILIPINES:Far Eastern University
For his PhD thesis in psychology Jan Patrick Gutierrez at the Eastern University supervised by Dr Homer J. Yabut at the De La Salle University in The Philippines, aims to develop a model of Gaming Disorder considering emotional flow, Game Transfer Phenomena, and perceived realism. Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari is collaborating with Gutierrez and Dr Yabut in a cross-cultural study, and on the validation of the GTP scale on Filipino gamers.
Other validation of the GTP scale
Italy & THE Philippines
Dr Nadia Barberis at the University of Messina is working on validating the GTP Scale in Italian.
Jan Patrick Gutierrez and Dr Homer J. Yabut at the De La Salle University are working on a validation of the GTP scale with a Filipino sample.
Predictors of video game addiction
usa: University of Texas at San Antonio
Amanda Michelle Jones-Rincon, M.A., Martin I. Gallegos, PhD and James H. Bray, PhD conducted a survey to examine predictors of video game addiction. Among the potential predictors they examined Game Transfer Phenomena, aggression, depressive symptoms, hours of game-play per week, post-game phenomena, opening loot boxes, buying microtransactions and playing first person shooters.
Publication coming soon!
Game Transfer Phenomena in Ingress
The United States: Oakland University
Dr Cynthia Sifonis at Oakland University examined GTP in the location based-augmented reality game Ingress, and proposed GTP specific to hybrid reality gaming (HR-specific GTP) manifesting when players unintentionally use physical actions in the real world to interact with virtual aspects of the game.
Publication:
Sifonis, C. M. (2018). Examining Game Transfer Phenomena in the Hybrid Reality Game, Ingress. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 1-12.
Game Transfer Phenomena in Pokémon Go
Norway & Belgium
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari investigated GTP in location-based AR games such as Pokémon Go (PoGo). These studies examined of the prevalence of GTP, the relationship between GTP, immersion, overlaying digital images in physical context and playing with sound. It also included an investigation of GTP in PoGo and the relation between GTP and Problematic Smartphone Use.
Publications:
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B. (2019). Characteristics of Game Transfer Phenomena in Location-Based Augmented Reality Games. In V. Geroimenko (Ed.), Augmented Reality Games: Understanding the Pokémon GO Phenomenon: Springer International Publishing.
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B. (September, 2018). GTP and problematic smartphone use in an augmented reality game. 18TH World Congress of Psychiatry. Mexico D.F, Mexico.
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B. (2017). Empirical study on Game Transfer Phenomena in a location-based augmented reality game. Telematics and Informatics, 35(2), 382-396.
Predictor factors of severity levels of Game Transfer Phenomena
THE UNITED KINGDOM: Nottigham Trent University
Dr Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari, Dr Ben Oldfield and Professor Mark D. Griffiths from Nottingham Trent University examined predictor factors of severity levels of GTP.
Our paper: Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Oldfield, B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). An empirical examination of factors associated with Game Transfer Phenomena severity. Computers In Human Behavior, 64, 274-284.